An excellent commentary in this months Engineered Systems magazine, entitled Tomorrow’s Environment: A Failure to Plan Is A Plan To Fail by Howard McKew, exposes the weak link in the chain between energy efficient design and the long term operation and maintenance of said design. How do we know they are getting what they paid for?

Too often, we don’t know. McKew explains that measurement and verification is often left out of the design due to budget constraints. I think operations often falls under the radar for lack of understanding the need for verifying. And CMMS software, intended to help rectify this problem by making it easier to manage and maintain the many moving parts of a building, apparently doesn’t get used!

I have mentioned ACCOUNTABILITY in previous posts, and here is another sample of what I am talking about. My worrying is well-founded. Filters need to be changed, pump bearings need lubricating, dampers need to be observed in operation, temperature sensors need to be calibrated and so on. HVAC, even when it is designed to be as simple as possible, is still complicated in practice.

A list of words being used too often, and thereby lose their true meaning.
In my opinion, these fit the definition of CLICHE. These words are currently being used in the media and opinion places online frequently and, in my opinion, incorrectly. English language students, take note.

• Green
• Leftist
• Right wing
• progressive
• balanced (A FoxNews marketing buzzword)
• Conservative
• Christian (hope that doesn’t offend true believers)
• Terrorist
• socialism
• freedom
• Republican
• Democrat

This is an interesting web based application that analyzes text to discern political bias. I have only tested this post so far, but I will venture to guess that it is more sophisticated than most media pundits. It rates this post as neutral, by the way. I must be in the center, hmmm.

Food for thought and debate, if such a thing is still possible.

I am not interested in casting shame on anybody, but now I feel compelled to say something. We Americans have to have an opinion, even if we don’t have all the facts. We are watching too much news television and listening to too many talk radio shows: Take FoxNews and their talk shows. They work extra hard to convince us that scientific evidence is being manipulated for political reasons. They draw a specious connection between the Democratic Party, (supposedly led by Al Gore), and scientists as proof of a vast left wing conspiracy. These popular so-called news programs cast global warming warnings as a “plot”, to increase the size and power of government, raise taxes, and so on.

I am not convinced. It worries me that they are unable to present scientific evidence for what it is, EVIDENCE. They question scientific method at the same time. Why do these folks struggle with high school science concepts of data collection and drawing reasonable conclusions? (Bill O’Reilly is so dishonest on this score, it amazes me how many people watch him.)

We Americans have to have an opinion on everything and anything, whether we are knowledgable or not!

Back to reality and engineering. Here is a tidbit about engineering economics that would be construed as leftist by FoxNews. (Of course, they would attack it as propaganda because it is from the Washington Post. Not because they have the facts to contradict it).

quote from Washington Post January 1, 2010

Jack Beuttell, global sustainability manager with Hines (Partnership) , a property management firm that manages 10 buildings in the District, said that questions about a property’s energy consumption have become increasingly important to his company’s potential tenants.

Beuttell said that a building with a “95″ rating from the EPA’s “Energy Star” program, a rank that some of his company’s properties have earned, would typically save a tenant about $1.30 per square foot in annual energy bills over the national average for a similar building. That’s an “incredibly meaningful” figure to tenants, he said.

I like it. And not because I might benefit personally (Full disclosure: I helped engineer HVAC on a Hines project recently). It is just plain simple common sense to cut costs. It might even pump up your profits! Some left-wing conspiracy that is.

I like Chris’ understanding of the issue. Seems that he comes from an IT background, rather than architecture, but he mapped the design process some time ago, and came to a fine grasp of the issues involved. Thank you Chris. By the way, if you need mechanical ideas, get in touch.

Steve, we will miss you. I know that the universal force will carry you to a place where pain and suffering don’t exist. God rest your soul.

I quote:

“This report responds to a widely held concern that end-users do not have confidence in the nature and level of energy savings that can be achieved through the commissioning process.”

This is what I think of when they say “sustainable”: The report states that there is a 16% median annual rate of return on investment for existing buildings and and 13% median annual return on new construction. EXCELLENT. How many other investments bring in that rate of return on a sustained basis?

The report continues:

Applying … [this] to … non-residential buildings corresponds to an annual energy-savings potential of $30 billion by the year 2030… An industry equipped to deliver these benefits would have a sales volume of $4 billion per year and support approximately 24,000 jobs.

EXCELLENT!

An important aspect of good design is simplicity. HVAC can be complicated enough, given the need to maintain various spaces at set temperatures, relative humidity and cleanliness. HVAC systems are also expected to maintain certain pressurization and [code required] outside air exchange. All while keeping to the highest possible energy efficiency. We also need and expect them to respond precisely and correctly to changing variables.

Simplicity in controls are also key to this. The simplest controls are on-off. Simplicity is not obvious everywhere. But in reality, as software development theory teaches, you can find the simple by decomposing the complicated.

Consider these concepts before the initial Basis of Design is established. Decompose the various functions needed and decide how the system will be controlled. Many designers have their personal preferences and presumptions, but these must be put aside in favor of open-mindedness in the beginning of the decision making process. Yes, energy and size calculations may be useful, but not as important as what and how to control the various environmental parameters.

Diagrams of the systems,

Mass-flows, temperatures, and pressures. For lighting, its watts and lumens per square foot. And using natural ambient light wherever available.

Get these right the first time, and you will save all kinds of hassle. During design, keep the diagrams as a guide and reference. It will keep also you focused and directed.

Next subject: Dedicated outside air systems (DOAS) These kinds of systems separate the ventilation "function" from the building internal HVAC. Tens of millions of buildings have no way to split this from the basic heating and cooling. Which makes the controls complicated. DOAS is especially good for high occupancy rooms and in situations where air change requirements are more exacting. Its an economic question and we have to decide how and whether this is worth the trouble. Most significant in schools, assembly rooms, theaters, health care,

In many existing buildings, DOAS, which require separate main ducts, may be impossible to retrofit due to space limitations and structural issues. But DOAS divides the work that HVAC systems do, they can be used to recover energy that is lost by exhaust systems. Furthermore, because DOAS central units can be physically remote, so they do not contribute noise to the occupied space and finally, they incorporate the potential to increase net rentable space!

An alternative, if the above is not economically feasible, is to keep and/or update the existing systems, measure carbon dioxide levels (a proxy for stale air), and control the entering outside air according to that parameter. This is "Demand Controlled Ventilation" control, which I described in this previous post in November.

The tax cuts did not increase our national economic vitality one wit. They should be allowed to expire post-haste. Especially since we need the money to offset more energy conservation tax incentives (such encouragement creates public good). US policy should lead the world in energy conservation, not follow!

About taxes, Teddy Roosevelt(who is among my most admired people), said:

No man should receive a dollar unless that dollar has been fairly earned. Every dollar received should represent a dollar’s worth of service rendered–not gambling in stocks, but service rendered.

The really big fortune, the swollen fortune, by the mere fact of its size, acquires qualities which differentiate it in kind as well as in degree from what is possessed by men of relatively small means.

Therefore, I believe in a graduated income tax on big fortunes, and in another tax which is far more easily collected and far more effective–a graduated inheritance tax on big fortunes, properly safeguarded against evasion, and increasing rapidly in amount with the size of the estate.

Words to remember in November.

Some of my friends want me to clarify what I mean above. If Teddy had it right 105 years ago, and we had a balanced budget in the 1990s (Republican controlled Congress/Democratic President combination), we should have stuck with it. Democracy like ours really suck when voters get confused and switch the formula, like we did in 2000. Once upon a time, I had a theory about an optimal combination, a Dem president and a Repub congress, and I will be damned if that didn’t work under President Clinton. Looks like we might even get back to that state, but it will take 6 more years of President Obama working with a Republican Congress just to get back to where we were when Bush got elected in 2000.

Some of the 2009 stats HVAC designs that I have incorporated recently into my office building projects are expected to use 30% less than the levels allowed by the local and state building codes. (ASHRAE Energy code 90.1-2004).

Consider that more than 70 percent of existing commercial buildings in the country were constructed prior to 1980 (according to floor area, see this 2001 study) . It is very likely that most of these older buildings consume well over the present building code allowable.

There are no laws requiring them to retrofit. The financial incentive to retrofit is all that exists, and unfortunately, this is another example of out-of sight, out-of-mind ignorance. (and HVAC and building energy use in general getting no respect).

These buildings should be retrofitted to reduce energy use a minimum of 30% and more. Up to $48-60 billion per year is being simply wasted. Wow! That is $200 a year for every man woman and child in the US. Almost half as much as we throw away on the war in Iraq. ($130 billion in 2007)

Hey, what are you waiting for, lets find out where the energy is going!

Lighting… I did not mention lighting: higher efficiency lighting and optimal daylighting could save ANOTHER $20 billion /year easy.

If you still a skeptic, please read: “Working Toward the Very Low Energy Consumption Building of the Future”

]]> http://www.noelsusskind.com/blog/archives/982/feed 0 http://www.noelsusskind.com/blog/archives/945 http://www.noelsusskind.com/blog/archives/945#comments Wed, 03 Feb 2010 21:58:13 +0000 noel http://www.noelsusskind.com/blog/?p=945 Trends: Read the chart on your buildings energy usage. Monthly charts can usually be found on the monthly utility bills. Your utility company can provide them upon request (usually). If and when you can acquire the hourly or daily usage charts, the pattern of usage can be very revealing about whether your building is running at its best. What does a trend chart look like?

An example of a daily building trend chart

The US Department of Energy has a gather and track data process listing the following steps.

STEP 2: Assess Performance
* 2.1 Gather Data
* 2.2 Establish Baselines
* 2.3 Benchmark
* 2.4 Analyze Data
* 2.5 Technical Assessments & Audits

Here I am only discussing Step 2.1, ‘Gather data’.

Daily and hourly charts are more detailed require additional metering devices. This may be problematic, as mentioned further down.

If your building has a control center, it is very possible, and indeed likely, that the consumption patterns can be found in the computer logs. But in many older buildings, this may be problematic. This is where upgrades should start.

Deciding on what to measure and then installing the meters and using the data correctly is the key. It starts by studying the building systems, and deciding what wires or pipes are carrying the energy in question, and installing the meter(s) in the correct physical location.

Next, installing a communication link between new and old meters and a data collection center, such as a desktop computer, creates the data collection network that is needed. The cost of this approach is extremely reasonable, and in fact, with IP networking, whether hard wired or wireless, it is an incredibly simple and cheap way to get a handle on this.

Having the data in hand will help. But one must understand how the building system in question is being controlled. The charts can be complicated. But decomposing the building systems down to their simplest points will yield a lot of valuable information once it is charted. Having your building engineer or an outside consulting engineer experienced in HVAC controls is often necessary.

More reading about energy measurement and metering and a prior article on measurement in Noels Green Blog.

What are we measuring?

Motors, lights and electric resistance heaters are the major electric energy consumers. Boilers, unit heaters and furnaces are the major gas/oil consumers.

Of course, a major component of electric use is the ‘plug loads’, which is equipment actually plugged in. These are usually in the control of the user/occupants themselves. They include computers, task lighting, televisions, refrigerators and so on.

Electric heaters are often being used by user/occupants who feel cold and do not get their complaints/needs heard or met. This is unfortunately, a ubiquitous problem in the USA, just now getting serious attention after years of ignoring.

The next wave

Now here is a very nice “downstream” application for building information modeling. It is not getting much attention. Yet.

The same Building Information Model which is being used to design and build with, can easily be re-used as a framework for the building control center! Why not have the metering and all other energy systems mapped in the BIM? You would have a ready made view of the Building Energy Consumption!

This has been a theoretical possibility for many decades, but the cost and complexity of it was such that no one besides a NASA or a nuclear research lab could implement it. Now we have a chance to see the possibilities of such high powered data collection and analysis being done on a desktop computer. Hooray for IT!

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